stages of cognitive development / Intellectual
Erueka Education . Jean Piaget (Bybee and Sund, 1982) divides the development of the intellect / cognitive in four stages as follows:
1. Sensory phase motoris
This stage is experienced at the age of 0-2 years. When the children are influenced by trends sensorimotor that very clearly in a period of growth. Everything he is the embodiment of the maturation process aspects of sensorimotor so
According to Piaget. (Bybee and Snd, 1982: 2), at this stage of the child interactions with its environment, including parents primarily through feelings and muscles. This interaction is mainly driven by the thrill of feeling the environment. In interaction with the environment, including affected to do well with the parents, children develop the ability to recognize different movements perform and gradually learn to coordinate their actions.
2. The pre-operational stage
This phase takes at the age of 2-7 years. This phase is called intuition also because cognitive development stage showed marked by an intuitive atmosphere a trend. That is, all rational actions are not supported by the feeling of a natural tendency sika derived attitude of people to meaning and the environment.
At this stage, according to Piaget (Bybee and Sund, 1982). Children are very egocentric so often run into problems with its environment in interaction with parents. In interaction with other people, children tend to be difficult to understand the views of others and more priority to their own views. In interaction with the environment, it is still difficult as chance or probability nor the idea to read that there is only one truth in any situation or event.
At this stage, children are not always determined solely by sensory observation, but also on intuition. Children can use the words were to save and with them, especially those closely linked to their needs. At this time the child is ready to learn a language, reading and singing. If we use the right language to talk children, a very good effect will have on their language development. How to learn the role in this phase, is intuition. Intuition to free them from conversations at will regardless of the specific experience and forced from outside. Often we see children speak for themselves about the objects that are near, like a tree, a dog, a cat, and so on which the objects to them accordingly to hear and speak. Such an event is good to train the child to use the richness of language. Piaget calls this phase as a collective monologue speaks egocentric and little contact with other people.
3. Phase Operarasional concrete
takes this phase between 7- 11 years. At this time, the children begin to adapt concrete reality and have begun to develop their curiosity. At this stage, according to Piaget (Bybee a Sund, 1982), interaction with the environment, including parents, grow okay because egocentric subsided. Children are observed in the position to assess, evaluate and explain the mind-pkiran other in a way that is less self-centered and objective.
has at this stage the child also has a functional relationship, because they have been tested a problem. The way of thinking of children she has not yet been able to grasp the abstract or abstracting over something concrete concrete cause. Here are common problems between parents and teachers. For example, parents want to help their children with homework, but in different ways with the methods used by teachers so that children do not agree. While many children are confident, what was said by the teachers rather than parents. As a result, either in both directions from teachers and parents alike are not to be understood by the child.
4. Formal Operational Stage
experienced this phase of children aged 11 years and above. At this time, the child has been able to recognize a whole in his work, is the result of thinking logical . Emotions and moral aspects have also been developed that can support the completion of its tasks.
At this stage, according to Piaget (Bybeeand Sund, 1982), the interaction with the environment is already very wide, to reach many of their colleagues and berinteraksia to be with adults try , Conditions such as these are often cause problems in interaction with parents. But actually secretly expected nor protection from their parents because they do not fully meet the needs of its own. So, at this stage it is a kind of attraction between want want to be protected to be free.
Weil started the child at this stage to develop his formal mind, they begin to reach logic and relationships and can use abstraction. Symbolic and figurative meaning, they can understand. Engage them. In an activity would give a positive effect on the development of cognitive her For example, write poetry, scientific work competitions, competition write short stories and the like.
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